System Security

The examinees should be able to customize a system in order to forward an IP packet as well as execute network address translation (including IP masquerading & NAT). The applicants should also possess the skills in configuring an FTP server for anonymous uploads downloads. The topic also covers their competency in precautions that are to be taken in case anonymous uploads are allowed. Moreover, they should be proficient in configuring and securing an SSH daemon. This subject area also involves your skills in handling keys and customizing SSH for the users. You need to possess the capacity to forward an application protocol over SSH as well as handle the SSH login. You are required to have proficiency in receiving security alerts from different sources, installing, customizing, and operating intrusion detection systems. The individuals need to be capable of applying security patches & bugfixes. Lastly, it is essential that one possesses the expertise in customizing VPN and creating secure site-to-site or point-to-point connections.

LPI 202-450 Exam Syllabus Topics:

Topic	Details
Domain Name Server
Basic DNS server configuration	Weight: 3 Description:Candidates should be able to configure BIND to function as a caching-only DNS server. This objective includes the ability to manage a running server and configuring logging. Key Knowledge Areas: -BIND 9.x configuration files, terms and utilities -Defining the location of the BIND zone files in BIND configuration files -Reloading modified configuration and zone files -Awareness of dnsmasq, djbdns and PowerDNS as alternate name servers The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities: -/etc/named.conf -/var/named/ -/usr/sbin/rndc -kill -host -dig
Create and maintain DNS zones	Weight: 3 Description: Candidates should be able to create a zone file for a forward or reverse zone and hints for root level servers. This objective includes setting appropriate values for records, adding hosts in zones and adding zones to the DNS. A candidate should also be able to delegate zones to another DNS server. Key Knowledge Areas: -BIND 9 configuration files, terms and utilities -Utilities to request information from the DNS server -Layout, content and file location of the BIND zone files -Various methods to add a new host in the zone files, including reverse zones Terms and Utilities: -/var/named/ -zone file syntax -resource record formats -named-checkzone -named-compilezone -masterfile-format -dig -nslookup -host
Securing a DNS server	Weight: 2 Description: Candidates should be able to configure a DNS server to run as a non-root user and run in a chroot jail. This objective includes secure exchange of data between DNS servers. Key Knowledge Areas: -BIND 9 configuration files -Configuring BIND to run in a chroot jail -Split configuration of BIND using the forwarders statement -Configuring and using transaction signatures (TSIG) -Awareness of DNSSEC and basic tools -Awareness of DANE and related records Terms and Utilities: -/etc/named.conf -/etc/passwd -DNSSEC -dnssec-keygen -dnssec-signzone
Web Services
Implementing a web server	Weight: 4 Description: Candidates should be able to install and configure a web server. This objective includes monitoring the server’s load and performance, restricting client user access, configuring support for scripting languages as modules and setting up client user authentication. Also included is configuring server options to restrict usage of resources. Candidates should be able to configure a web server to use virtual hosts and customize file access. Key Knowledge Areas: -Apache 2.4 configuration files, terms and utilities -Apache log files configuration and content -Access restriction methods and files -mod_perl and PHP configuration -Client user authentication files and utilities -Configuration of maximum requests, minimum and maximum servers and clients -Apache 2.4 virtual host implementation (with and without dedicated IP addresses) -Using redirect statements in Apache’s configuration files to customize file access Terms and Utilities: - access logs and error logs -.htaccess -httpd.conf -mod_auth_basic, mod_authz_host and mod_access_compat -htpasswd -AuthUserFile, AuthGroupFile -apachectl, apache2ctl -httpd, apache2
Apache configuration for HTTPS	Weight: 3 Description: Candidates should be able to configure a web server to provide HTTPS. Key Knowledge Areas: -SSL configuration files, tools and utilities -Generate a server private key and CSR for a commercial CA -Generate a self-signed Certificate -Install the key and certificate, including intermediate CAs -Configure Virtual Hosting using SNI -Awareness of the issues with Virtual Hosting and use of SSL -Security issues in SSL use, disable insecure protocols and ciphers Terms and Utilities: -Apache2 configuration files -/etc/ssl/, /etc/pki/ -openssl, CA.pl -SSLEngine, SSLCertificateKeyFile, SSLCertificateFile -SSLCACertificateFile, SSLCACertificatePath -SSLProtocol, SSLCipherSuite, ServerTokens, ServerSignature, TraceEnable
Implementing a proxy server	Weight: 2 Description: Candidates should be able to install and configure a proxy server, including access policies, authentication and resource usage. Key Knowledge Areas: -Squid 3.x configuration files, terms and utilities -Access restriction methods -Client user authentication methods -Layout and content of ACL in the Squid configuration files Terms and Utilities: -squid.conf -acl -http_access
Implementing Nginx as a web server and a reverse proxy	Weight: 2 Description: Candidates should be able to install and configure a reverse proxy server, Nginx. Basic configuration of Nginx as a HTTP server is included. Key Knowledge Areas: -Nginx -Reverse Proxy -Basic Web Server Terms and Utilities: -/etc/nginx/ -nginx
File Sharing
SAMBA Server Configuration	Weight: 5 Description: Candidates should be able to set up a Samba server for various clients. This objective includes setting up Samba as a standalone server as well as integrating Samba as a member in an Active Directory. Furthermore, the configuration of simple CIFS and printer shares is covered. Also covered is a configuring a Linux client to use a Samba server. Troubleshooting installations is also tested. Key Knowledge Areas: -Samba 4 documentation -Samba 4 configuration files -Samba 4 tools and utilities and daemons -Mounting CIFS shares on Linux -Mapping Windows user names to Linux user names -User-Level, Share-Level and AD security Terms and Utilities: -smbd, nmbd, winbindd -smbcontrol, smbstatus, testparm, smbpasswd, nmblookup -samba-tool -net -smbclient -mount.cifs -/etc/samba/ -/var/log/samba/
NFS Server Configuration	Weight: 3 Description: Candidates should be able to export filesystems using NFS. This objective includes access restrictions, mounting an NFS filesystem on a client and securing NFS. Key Knowledge Areas: -NFS version 3 configuration files -NFS tools and utilities -Access restrictions to certain hosts and/or subnets -Mount options on server and client -TCP Wrappers -Awareness of NFSv4 Terms and Utilities: -/etc/exports -exportfs -showmount -nfsstat -/proc/mounts -/etc/fstab -rpcinfo -mountd -portmapper
Network Client Management
DHCP configuration	Weight: 2 Description: Candidates should be able to configure a DHCP server. This objective includes setting default and per client options, adding static hosts and BOOTP hosts. Also included is configuring a DHCP relay agent and maintaining the DHCP server. Key Knowledge Areas: -DHCP configuration files, terms and utilities -Subnet and dynamically-allocated range setup -Awareness of DHCPv6 and IPv6 Router Advertisements Terms and Utilities: -dhcpd.conf -dhcpd.leases -DHCP Log messages in syslog or systemd journal -arp -dhcpd -radvd -radvd.conf
PAM authentication	Weight: 3 Description: The candidate should be able to configure PAM to support authentication using various available methods. This includes basic SSSD functionality. Key Knowledge Areas: -PAM configuration files, terms and utilities -passwd and shadow passwords -Use sssd for LDAP authentication Terms and Utilities: -/etc/pam.d/ -pam.conf -nsswitch.conf -pam_unix, pam_cracklib, pam_limits, pam_listfile, pam_sss -sssd.conf
LDAP client usage	Weight: 2 Description: Candidates should be able to perform queries and updates to an LDAP server. Also included is importing and adding items, as well as adding and managing users. Key Knowledge Areas: -LDAP utilities for data management and queries -Change user passwords -Querying the LDAP directory Terms and Utilities: -ldapsearch -ldappasswd -ldapadd -ldapdelete
Configuring an OpenLDAP server	Weight: 4 Description: Candidates should be able to configure a basic OpenLDAP server including knowledge of LDIF format and essential access controls. Key Knowledge Areas: -OpenLDAP -Directory based configuration -Access Control -Distinguished Names -Changetype Operations -Schemas and Whitepages -Directories -Object IDs, Attributes and Classes Terms and Utilities: -slapd -slapd-config -LDIF -slapadd -slapcat -slapindex -/var/lib/ldap/ -loglevel
E-Mail Services
Using e-mail servers	Weight: 4 Description: Candidates should be able to manage an e-mail server, including the configuration of e-mail aliases, e-mail quotas and virtual e-mail domains. This objective includes configuring internal e-mail relays and monitoring e-mail servers. Key Knowledge Areas: -Configuration files for postfix -Basic TLS configuration for postfix -Basic knowledge of the SMTP protocol -Awareness of sendmail and exim Terms and Utilities: -Configuration files and commands for postfix -/etc/postfix/ -/var/spool/postfix/ -sendmail emulation layer commands -/etc/aliases -mail-related logs in /var/log/
Managing E-Mail Delivery	Weight: 2 Description: Candidates should be able to implement client e-mail management software to filter, sort and monitor incoming user e-mail. Key Knowledge Areas: -Understanding of Sieve functionality, syntax and operators -Use Sieve to filter and sort mail with respect to sender, recipient(s), headers and size -Awareness of procmail Terms and Utilities: -Conditions and comparison operators -keep, fileinto, redirect, reject, discard, stop -Dovecot vacation extension
Managing Remote E-Mail Delivery	Weight: 2 Description: Candidates should be able to install and configure POP and IMAP daemons. Key Knowledge Areas: -Dovecot IMAP and POP3 configuration and administration -Basic TLS configuration for Dovecot -Awareness of Courier Terms and Utilities: -/etc/dovecot/ -dovecot.conf -doveconf -doveadm
System Security
Configuring a router	Weight: 3 Description: Candidates should be able to configure a system to forward IP packet and perform network address translation (NAT, IP masquerading) and state its significance in protecting a network. This objective includes configuring port redirection, managing filter rules and averting attacks. Key Knowledge Areas: -iptables and ip6tables configuration files, tools and utilities -Tools, commands and utilities to manage routing tables. -Private address ranges (IPv4) and Unique Local Addresses as well as Link Local Addresses (IPv6) -Port redirection and IP forwarding -List and write filtering and rules that accept or block IP packets based on source or destination protocol, port and address -Save and reload filtering configurations Terms and Utilities: -/proc/sys/net/ipv4/ -/proc/sys/net/ipv6/ -/etc/services -iptables -ip6tables
Securing FTP servers	Weight: 2 Description: Candidates should be able to configure an FTP server for anonymous downloads and uploads. This objective includes precautions to be taken if anonymous uploads are permitted and configuring user access. Key Knowledge Areas: -Configuration files, tools and utilities for Pure-FTPd and vsftpd -Awareness of ProFTPd -Understanding of passive vs. active FTP connections Terms and Utilities: -vsftpd.conf -important Pure-FTPd command line options
Secure shell (SSH)	Weight: 4 Description: Candidates should be able to configure and secure an SSH daemon. This objective includes managing keys and configuring SSH for users. Candidates should also be able to forward an application protocol over SSH and manage the SSH login. Key Knowledge Areas: -OpenSSH configuration files, tools and utilities -Login restrictions for the superuser and the normal users -Managing and using server and client keys to login with and without password -Usage of multiple connections from multiple hosts to guard against loss of connection to remote host following configuration changes Terms and Utilities: -ssh -sshd -/etc/ssh/sshd_config -/etc/ssh/ -Private and public key files -PermitRootLogin, PubKeyAuthentication, AllowUsers, PasswordAuthentication, Protocol
Security tasks	Weight: 3 Description: Candidates should be able to receive security alerts from various sources, install, configure and run intrusion detection systems and apply security patches and bugfixes. Key Knowledge Areas: -Tools and utilities to scan and test ports on a server -Locations and organizations that report security alerts as Bugtraq, CERT or other sources -Tools and utilities to implement an intrusion detection system (IDS) -Awareness of OpenVAS and Snort Terms and Utilities: -telnet -nmap -fail2ban -nc -iptables
OpenVPN	Weight: 2 Description: Candidates should be able to configure a VPN (Virtual Private Network) and create secure point-to-point or site-to-site connections. Key Knowledge Areas: -OpenVPN Terms and Utilities: -/etc/openvpn/ -openvpn

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Once you get the LPIC-2 certification, you are eligible to apply for the LPIC-3 validations. All in all, it is an expert-level qualification available in three separate designations that talk about the integration of Linux services in an enterprise mixed environment, Linux security, and HA alongside virtualization. With these LPIC-3 certificates, you will be eligible for all the front-level job roles in Linux systems and will enjoy working in big organizations. You will also get a chance to work with IT experts and earn valuable experience within the IT sector.

Reference: https://www.lpi.org/our-certifications/exam-202-objectives

What Are Topics Scrutinized by 202-450 Exam?

The applicants who are taking this test should know the concepts of the specific domains included in the main validation, which are covered below:

Email Services.
Network Client Management;
File Sharing;
System Security;
Domain Name Server;
Web Services;

The first area focuses on web services, where the candidate must know how to install and configure a web server. It also includes monitoring server performance and load, setting up client user authentication, and restricting client user access. Here, you will also learn about the configuration of Apache for HTTPS, which involves discerning the security issues in SSL, the awareness of problems with virtual hosting and SSL configuration tools, files, and utilities. Moreover, the candidate should be able to implement a proxy server containing access policies, resource pages, and user authentication. While learning about proxy, you should also know about reverse proxy and the implementation of Nginx as a web server. The knowledge of Nginx, a basic web server, and reverse pay is also essential for this exam.

The second portion covers file sharing. In particular, it is focused on the information about the Samba server and its configuration. Additionally, you should be able to build a Linux client to use the Samba server and troubleshoot the installation. Moreover, the candidate must know how to export the filesystem by utilizing the NFS. To put it simply, this subtopic revolves around NFS access restriction, growing an NFS filesystem, and its security.

The third objective emphasizes network client management. It spins around DHCP configuration that is about setting default according to client options, maintaining the DHCP server, and adding static and BOOTP hosts. Besides, you will also learn about performing queries and updates to the LDAP server. You should also know how to add the items and the managing users to the LDAP server. Furthermore, you should keep in mind the OpenLDAP server, access controls, and LDIF formats. The knowledge of PAM support authentication by utilizing several methods and SSSD functionality is also included in the official exam.

The fourth scope is the domain name server. It tests the knowledge of candidates about the DNS server configuration, securing DNS servers, and maintaining the DNS zones. The candidate should also be able to manage a running server and configure its logging. Here, you will also learn about setting values for records, adding zones to DNS, and adding hosts in the zone. Moreover, the candidate should organize a DNS server to run in chroot jail and the protected exchange of data between the DNS servers.

The fifth topic discusses system security. It explains the knowledge of configuring the router that includes configuring port redirection, averting attacks, and managing filter rules. The candidate's knowledge about securing FTP servers, protecting the shell, performing the security tasks, and configuring OpenVPN will as well be assessed in 202-450. In all, these subtopics confer about precautions that are required when anonymous uploads are allowed for user access, forwarding application protocol over SSH, and handling the SSH login. Finally, the candidate should have the ability to configure and run interruption detection systems and implement bug fixes along with security patches.

The sixth objective talks about email services. The candidate should have skills to manage an email server along with email quotas, virtual email domains, and email aliases. You will also learn about handling email delivery that includes applying client email management software and monitoring incoming emails of users. Also, you must know about managing remote email delivery that involves installing and configuring IMAP and POP daemons.

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System Security

LPI 202-450 Exam Syllabus Topics:

Domain Name Server

Web Services

File Sharing

Network Client Management

E-Mail Services

System Security

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What Are Topics Scrutinized by 202-450 Exam?

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